Islamic scholars have long discussed the ruling on music and singing, and the majority hold that musical instruments are prohibited based on evidence from the Qur’an, Sunnah, and the understanding of the early generations.

Allah says:

“And of mankind is he who purchases idle talk to mislead from the path of Allah…” (Luqman 31:6)

Many Companions and early scholars, including Ibn ‘Abbas, Ibn Mas‘ud, Mujahid, and Al-Hasan al-Basri, explained “idle talk” as referring to singing and musical instruments. Classical commentators such as Ibn Kathir, Al-Tabari, and Al-Qurtubi supported this interpretation.

Allah also says:

“And befool them gradually those whom you can among them with your voice.” (Al-Isra 17:64)

Early scholars explained that the “voice” of Shaytan includes singing, music, and calls to disobedience.

In the Sunnah, the Prophet ﷺ said:

“Among my ummah there will be people who will permit zina, silk, alcohol, and musical instruments.” (Sahih al-Bukhari)

Scholars explained that mentioning musical instruments alongside clearly forbidden acts indicates their prohibition.

The four major schools of Islamic law (Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi‘i, and Hanbali) agreed that musical instruments are generally forbidden. Many scholars also stated that persistent listening to music is sinful and affects a person’s character and spirituality.

An exception was made for the daff (hand drum without bells), which women may use on occasions such as weddings and ‘Eid, as established in authentic hadith. This exception does not apply to other instruments or regular entertainment.

In conclusion, the dominant scholarly position is that music and musical instruments are prohibited in Islam, with limited, specific exceptions. Muslims are encouraged to follow the Qur’an, Sunnah, and the understanding of the early generations rather than personal desires or modern trends.

And Allah knows best.